什么是特種鍛造
2021.08.05將金屬熔煉成符合一定要求(qiu)的(de)液體并澆進(jin)鑄型(xing)里(li)，經(jing)(jing)冷卻凝固、清整處理后(hou)得到有預定形狀(zhuang)、尺寸和性能的(de)鑄件(jian)（零件(jian)或(huo)毛坯）的(de)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)過(guo)程。現(xian)代機(ji)械制造(zao)(zao)工(gong)(gong)業的(de)基礎工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)。鑄造(zao)(zao)生產(chan)的(de)毛坯成本低廉，對于(yu)形狀(zhuang)復雜、特(te)別(bie)是具有復雜內腔(qiang)的(de)零件(jian)，更能顯(xian)示出它(ta)的(de)經(jing)(jing)濟性；同時它(ta)的(de)適應(ying)性較(jiao)廣，且(qie)(qie)具有較(jiao)好的(de)綜(zong)合機(ji)械性能。但鑄造(zao)(zao)生產(chan)所需的(de)材(cai)料（如金屬、木(mu)材(cai)、燃料、造(zao)(zao)型(xing)材(cai)料等(deng)）和設備（如冶金爐、混砂(sha)機(ji)、造(zao)(zao)型(xing)機(ji)、造(zao)(zao)芯機(ji)、落砂(sha)機(ji)、拋(pao)丸機(ji)等(deng)）較(jiao)多，且(qie)(qie)會產(chan)生粉(fen)塵、有害氣(qi)體和噪聲而污染環(huan)境。
鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)是(shi)人類(lei)掌握較(jiao)(jiao)早的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一種金屬(shu)熱加工(gong)工(gong)藝(yi)(yi)，已有約6000年的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歷(li)史。公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)前(qian)(qian)3200年，美(mei)索(suo)不達米亞(ya)出(chu)現銅青(qing)蛙(wa)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)件。公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)前(qian)(qian)13～前(qian)(qian)10世紀之間，中國(guo)已進入(ru)青(qing)銅鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)件的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)全盛(sheng)時期，工(gong)藝(yi)(yi)上已達到相當高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水平，如商代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)875千克的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)司母戊方鼎、戰(zhan)國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)曾侯乙尊盤和西漢的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)透光鏡等都是(shi)古代(dai)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)代(dai)表(biao)產品。早期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)受陶器的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)較(jiao)(jiao)大，鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)件大多為農(nong)業(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)產、宗教、生(sheng)(sheng)活等方面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)具或用(yong)具，藝(yi)(yi)術色彩較(jiao)(jiao)濃。公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)前(qian)(qian)513年，中國(guo)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)出(chu)了世界(jie)上最早見于文字記載的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)鐵件——晉國(guo)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)鼎（約270千克重(zhong)）。公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)8世紀前(qian)(qian)后(hou)，歐洲開(kai)始(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)產鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)鐵件。18世紀的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)革命后(hou)，鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)件進入(ru)為大工(gong)業(ye)(ye)服(fu)務的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新時期。進入(ru)20世紀，鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展速度很(hen)快，先(xian)后(hou)開(kai)發(fa)出(chu)球墨鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)鐵，可(ke)鍛鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)鐵，超低(di)碳(tan)不銹鋼(gang)以(yi)(yi)及鋁(lv)銅、鋁(lv)硅、鋁(lv)鎂合(he)金，鈦基、鎳基合(he)金等鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)金屬(shu)材料，并(bing)發(fa)明(ming)了對灰鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)鐵進行孕育處(chu)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新工(gong)藝(yi)(yi)。50年代(dai)以(yi)(yi)后(hou)，出(chu)現了濕砂高(gao)壓(ya)造(zao)(zao)(zao)型，化學硬化砂造(zao)(zao)(zao)型和造(zao)(zao)(zao)芯(xin)、負壓(ya)造(zao)(zao)(zao)型以(yi)(yi)及其(qi)他特種鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)、拋(pao)丸清(qing)理(li)等新工(gong)藝(yi)(yi)。
鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)很多，按造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)方法(fa)習慣上分為(wei)(wei)：①普通砂(sha)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)，包(bao)括(kuo)濕砂(sha)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、干(gan)砂(sha)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)化(hua)(hua)學硬化(hua)(hua)砂(sha)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)3類(lei)。②特(te)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)，按造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)又可分為(wei)(wei)以天然礦產砂(sha)石(shi)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)的特(te)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)（如(ru)(ru)熔模鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)、泥型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)、鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)車間殼型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)、負壓鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)、實型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)、陶瓷型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)等(deng)(deng)）和(he)(he)以金(jin)屬為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)的特(te)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)（如(ru)(ru)金(jin)屬型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)、壓力鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)、連(lian)續鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)、低(di)壓鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)、離心鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)等(deng)(deng)）兩類(lei)。鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)工藝(yi)通常包(bao)括(kuo)：①鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)（使液態(tai)金(jin)屬成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)固態(tai)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)件的容(rong)器）準備，鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)按所用(yong)(yong)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)可分為(wei)(wei)砂(sha)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、金(jin)屬型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、陶瓷型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、泥型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、石(shi)墨型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)等(deng)(deng)，按使用(yong)(yong)次數可分為(wei)(wei)一次性型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、半永久型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)永久型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)準備的優劣是影響(xiang)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)件質量的主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)因素；②鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)金(jin)屬的熔化(hua)(hua)與(yu)澆(jiao)注，鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)金(jin)屬（鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)合金(jin)）主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)有鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)鐵、鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)鋼(gang)和(he)(he)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)有色合金(jin)；③鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)件處理和(he)(he)檢驗(yan)，鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)件處理包(bao)括(kuo)清(qing)除型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)芯和(he)(he)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)件表面異(yi)物、切(qie)除澆(jiao)冒(mao)口、鏟磨毛刺和(he)(he)披縫等(deng)(deng)凸(tu)出物以及熱處理、整形、防(fang)銹處理和(he)(he)粗加工等(deng)(deng)。